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APA 7th Citation Guide

Copyrighted Images Reproduced in Student Course Assignments

According to the Copyright Act, in the case of:
● course work that will be submitted to Moodle for teacher evaluation and that will not be published;
● classroom presentations,
... students may reproduce, without asking permission, copyrighted images from books, publications or websites, as the fair dealing exception allows an image to be reproduced in an unpublished course assignment, provided that the reproduction is fair according to the six factors established by the Supreme Court of Canada and that the image in question is not subject to a license that expressly prohibits its reproduction, without exception.

Attention! Despite the fact that the law allows fair dealing, copyright owners may still assert their rights, particularly if the image is detected on an Internet website by intellectual property infringement detection robots.

It is therefore very important that reproduced images do not end up on public websites.

In such cases, omit the words "Reproduced with permission" at the end of the figure's caption.

Figure, Image, Photograph, Chart, Diagram, Graph, Logo, Drawing, etc.

Use "Table" for tables and "Figure" for all other types of images.

If you cite a figure found in a document (e.g., book, article, etc.) without inserting it in your text (that is, without reproducing it), cite the document and mention the page where you found the figure (e.g., p. 45), its number (e.g., Figure 3), or even both (e.g., Figure 3, p. 45).

Attention! Any figure (image, diagram, photo, chart, table, etc.) inserted in a text should be accompanied by a caption that includes the copyright mention and is placed under the figure.
In addition, a graph legend should explain the symbols, abbreviations, and terminology used in it.

IMPORTANT: To use a copyrighted figure in a document (dissertation, thesis, journal article, etc.), you must first obtain permission from the copyrights holder. Add "Reprinted with permission" at the end of the caption*.
E.g., Copyright 2008 by W. Sigmund. Reprinted with permission.
Copyright 2012 by IEEE. Reprinted with permission.

*Considering the case of figures inserted in unpublished students assignments, in the following examples we used "Reproduced with permission" instead of "Reprinted with permission".

If you insert in your text (that is, you reproduce) a figure from a document (e.g., book, article, etc.), you must first obtain permission from the copyrights holder. Cite the document and mention the page where you found the figure (e.g., p. 45).

***If an image is used exclusively as an embellishment (e.g., in a Word document or a PowerPoint presentation) or as wallpaper (e.g., in a PowerPoint presentation), it should not have a number or a caption. Mention the source of the image at the bottom of the page or slide and do not include it in the reference list at the end of the document.

Figure or table created by the student

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … or … (see Table 1)… Figure 1 shows… or … Table 1 shows…	Figure or Table Figure 1 or Table 1. Title or description. Copyright 2020 by A. A. Student. Figure 1. Prototype. Copyright 2020 by M. Tremblay. If the student is the sole author of a document (ex.: assignment, dissertation, thesis, etc.), do not add Copyright Year by A. A. Student in the caption of the original figures and tables created by the student. Ex.: Figure 1. Prototype. For group projects, assignments. etc. add Copyright Year by A. A. Student only if the team wants to acknowledge, for example, the contribution of a team member who produced the figures.
Attention! If the image has been created using an AI tool, mention it in the text of the document. For example, a student might write: I used Dall·E to create the following image (add the link to the image if a permanent link exists): ... See also the Artificial Intelligence Tools tab. Caption: Figure 1 or Table 1. Title or description. Copyright 2020 by A. A. Student. Reference: Original figures or tables created by the student should not be included in the reference list.

Table created by the student by using data from different sources

Clip art from programs (Word, PowerPoint, etc.)

Image found in a copyright-protected book, reproduced with permission

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Universal oil products platforming process. From "Benzene," by W. Fruscella, in C. Ley (Ed.), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (p. 605), 2002, Wiley (https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.0205142606182119.a01.pub2). Copyright 2002 by Wiley. Reproduced with permission.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From "Title of chapter," by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, in A. A. Editor and B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (Edition ed., p. Page), Year of publication or update of book or chapter, Publisher (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission. Note: Titles of books in English should be capitalized in the caption. Reference: Cite the encyclopedia article. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of encyclopedia (Edition ed., pp. Pages). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx Fruscella, W. (2002). Benzene. In C. Ley (Ed.), Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology (pp. 596-624). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.0205142606182119.a01.pub2

Copyrighted image from a journal article, reproduced with permission

Copyrighted image from an open access journal article, reproduced with permission

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. The lumbar curve pattern module. From "Brace Technology Thematic Series: The Dynamic Derotation Brace," by T. B. Grivas et al., 2010, Scoliosis, 5(20), p. 6 (https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-5-20). CC BY.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From "Title of article," by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year, Title of journal, Volume(Issue), p. Page (DOI or URL). CC License. Note: Titles of articles in English should be capitalized in the caption. Reference: Cite the journal article. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx Grivas, T. B., Bountis, A., Vrasami, I., & Bardakos, N. V. (2010). Brace technology thematic series: The dynamic derotation brace. Scoliosis, 5(20). https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-5-20

Copyrighted image, found on the Internet and reproduced with permission

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
Our device uses two angular contact ball bearings (Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Angular contact ball bearings, by Timken, 2020 (https://www.timken.com/products/timken-engineered-bearings/ball/angular-contact/). Copyright 2020 by Timken Company. Reproduced with permission.
⦁ "When the author name and the site name are the same, omit the site name" (APA 7th, 2020, p. 350). Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage". Reference: Author. (Year, Date). Title of figure [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx Timken Company. (2020). Angular contact ball bearings [Photograph]. Timken. https://www.timken.com/products/timken-engineered-bearings/ball/angular-contact/

Royalty-free photograph retrieved on the Internet

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Photo Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission.
⦁ "When the author name and the site name are the same, omit the site name" (APA 7th, 2020, p. 350). Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage": Figure 1. Title of figure, by A. A. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission. Reference: Author. (Year, Date). Title of image [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx

Photo without title retrieved on Instagram

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. This edge-on view of a galaxy located about 45 million light-years away.... From NASA on Instagram, by NASA, 2018 (https://www.instagram.com/p/BeyVMAdHzrX/?hl=eng). Copyright 2018 by NASA. Reproduced with permission.
⦁ "When the author name and the site name are the same, omit the site name" (APA 7th, 2020, p. 350). Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Authour, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage": Figure 1. Title of figure, by A. A. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission. Reference: Author. (Year, Date). Title of image [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx NASA. (February 4, 2018). This edge-on view of a galaxy located about 45 million light-years away... [Photograph]. NASA on Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BeyVMAdHzrX/?hl=eng

Table found on the website of an organization or institution

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Table 1) … Table 1 shows…	Table 1. Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, monthly, growth rates (x 1,000,000), by Statistics Canada, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.25318/3610043401-eng). Copyright 2020 by Statistics Canada. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada.
⦁ "When the author name and the site name are the same, omit the site name" (APA 7th, 2020, p. 350). Caption: Table 1. Title of table. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Reproduced with permission or another mention according to the licence of the website. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage". Note: Here, the Title of webpage is exactly the title of the table, so "From Title of webpage" was omitted. Reference: Author. (Year, Date). Title of table [Table]. Website name. https://xxxxx Statistics Canada. (July 23, 2020). Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, monthly, growth rates (x 1,000,000) [Table]. https://doi.org/10.25318/3610043401-eng

Creative Commons image with author, found in Wikipedia

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Anacortes refinery, by W. Siegmund, 2008, Wikimedia Commons (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG). CC BY-SA.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). CC Licence. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage". Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the image [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx Siegmund, W. (2008). Anacortes refinery [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG

Figure in the public domain, found in Wikipedia, with the author's username

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Brownian motion of a particle, by PAR, 2010, Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BrownianMotion.svg). In the public domain.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). In the public domain. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage". Reference: Author's username. (Year). Title of figure [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx PAR. (2010). Brownian motion of a particle [Diagram]. Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BrownianMotion.svg

Creative Commons image, found in Wikipedia, with no author and no date

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (See Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Radiation pattern of a dipole antenna, interference pattern of two radiators and resulting pattern, s.d., Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A5-3.jpg). CC BY-SA.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). CC Licence. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage". Reference: Title of figure. (n.d.). [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx Radiation pattern of a dipole antenna, interference pattern of two radiators and resulting pattern. (n.d.). [Diagram]. Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A5-3.jpg

Stock image under a Creative Commons licence found on a website, etc., with no author and no date

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (See Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Gray fighter jet in white clouds, n.d., Pexels (https://www.pexels.com/photo/jet-usa-fight-military-87088/). CC0.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). CC Licence. Note: A Title of webpage in English should be capitalized in the caption. If the webpage does not have a clear title or if the titles of the figure and the webpage are the same, omit "From Title of webpage": Reference: Titre of figure. (n.d.). [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx Gray fighter jet in white clouds. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/jet-usa-fight-military-87088/

Creative Commons or public domain image modified by the student

Examples of cross-referencess:	Caption:
… (See Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	My modified figure Figure 1. New title or description of the figure. Adapted with permission from "Diagramme antenne reseau commande de phase," by Pierre_cb, 2006, Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagramme_antenne_ reseau_commande_de_phase.png). CC BY-SA.
Caption: Figure 1. New title of figure. Adapted with permission from "Original title of figure," by A. A. Author, Year, Website name (DOI or URL). CC Licence. Reference: Author's name or username. (Year). Title of figure [Description]. Website name. https://xxxxx Pierre_cb. (2006). Diagramme antenne reseau commande de phase [Diagram]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagramme_antenne_ reseau_commande_de_phase.png

Screenshot from a video

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. How does an electric motor work? (DC motor): Commutator and brushes. From YouTube, by J. Owen, 2020 (https://youtu.be/CWulQ1ZSE3c). Copyright 2020 by Jared Owen.
Caption: Figure 1. Title of figure. From Title of webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year (URL). Copyright Year by Copyright holder. Figure 1. How does an electric motor work? (DC motor): Commutator and brushes. From YouTube, by J. Owen, 2020 (https://youtu.be/CWulQ1ZSE3c). © 2020 by Jared Owen. Reference : Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title [Video]. Source. https://xxxxx Owen, J. (2020). How does an electric motor work? (DC motor) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/CWulQ1ZSE3c

Map from Google Maps

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (see Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Figure 1. Montreal, Quebec. Map data (https://bit.ly/2LbGbRP). Copyright 2020 by Google. Reproduced with permission.
Reference: Google. (Year). Title of the map [Map or Description]. https://xxxxx Google. (2020). Montreal, Quebec [Satellite view]. https://bit.ly/2LbGbRP For maps that may change or can be updated over time (for example, the ones showing driving directions), include the retrieval date in the reference. Here, the map of Montreal is relatively stable, so the retrieval date is not included in the reference. More information on how to cite directions on the APA blog.

Logo

Examples of cross-references:	Caption:
… (See Figure 1) … Figure 1 shows…	Logo Figure 1. Logo (URL). Copyright Year by Organization. Reproduced with permission.
Reference: Organization. (Year). Title of web page from which the logo was downloaded. Website name. https://xxxxx

Find Images

Free images that can be used without asking permission:

• Unsplash
• pixabay

Find images on Google: Click on the image to enlarge it.

Find other images on the Web

Cite Images

Attention! Even though you obtained permission to use an image, you still need to cite it. Also, cite the source of royalty-free images and of images in the public domain.

Substance	Temperature (K)	Property
Substance1	Value1^a	Value2^b
Substance2	Value3^c	Value4^d
Substance3	Value5^b	Value6^c

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